What does the term “aquifer” refer to?

The term "aquifer" specifically refers to a geological formation that is capable of storing and transmitting water. This typically involves layers of rock or sediment that are sufficiently porous and permeable to allow water to flow through them, thus enabling the storage of groundwater. Aquifers are critical sources of water for drinking, agricultural, and industrial use, making their understanding essential in discussions about soil and water quality.

In contrast, a body of surface water refers to lakes, rivers, and streams that do not encompass the subsurface water contained in aquifers. A type of soil that retains nutrients focuses on the soil's fertility and its capability to support plant growth, rather than on the movement or storage of water. Lastly, a method of irrigation pertains to the techniques used in agriculture to supply water to crops, which does not directly connect to the definition of what an aquifer is. Hence, B captures the essential characteristics of an aquifer accurately, highlighting its role in the hydrological cycle and water management.