What does runoff refer to in the context of the water cycle?

Runoff refers to the water that moves over the soil surface, typically flowing toward lower points such as rivers, lakes, or ponds. This process occurs when precipitation falls onto the land and exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil, meaning that the ground cannot absorb all the water. Instead, the excess water travels across the surface, often picking up soil particles, pollutants, and nutrients along the way, which can impact water quality in nearby bodies of water. This movement is a significant component of the water cycle, connecting different ecosystems and influencing the hydrological landscape.

The other options revolve around different processes in the water cycle but do not accurately capture the concept of runoff. Evaporation refers to the process where water turns from liquid to vapor and rises into the atmosphere, while absorption describes the uptake of water by plant roots for growth and survival. Recharge into aquifers involves water moving down through the soil and into underground formations, which is another important aspect of the hydrological cycle but distinctly separate from the surface movement described by runoff.